ONE
NETHER AND GRAVITY
The surest way to corrupt a young man is to
teach him
to esteem more
highly those who think alike
than those who think
differently.
Nietzsche
When the idea of spin was introduced, it
was not readily accepted. It was
considered to be a form of angular momentum, but not enough was known to
isolate one mathematical term, so it was left in the spin equation. By definition, angular momentum is the
rotational momentum of a spinning object - its mass times its rotational
velocity about a center multiplied by a distance (radius) from that
center. An electron has an innate
ability to maintain something which seems to be angular momentum based upon a
theoretical radius which cannot be found.
However, the product of mass, velocity, and this theoretical radius,
multiplied by something else, can be found.
And this final product can be used, in most instances, as if it actually
were angular momentum. But the real problem that spin was
giving to the scientific community was that spin never seemed to change. It was always there. Regardless of what was done to the electron,
this “almost-angular-momentum” never seemed to change. This could be "explained" as a
point charge of negative electricity undergoing a dancing motion (Dirac by
linking quantum mechanics with relativity) which gives it spin. But then what is negative electricity? Where did the energy for the dancing motion
come from? Is it the dancing motion
that creates the spin, or is it the spin that creates the dancing motion? Quantum mechanics is a science of rules made
to fit observations without adequate explanation as to what causes the
rules. Later, you will see that relativity
is incorrect. As I see it, a credible
reason for innate spin was avoided and innate spin was "explained" in
a manner that would not upset anyone in the scientific community. THE REAL PROBLEM: Electron spin in always there regardless of
what is done to the electron. This means that there is an energy source that
causes the electron to maintain a constant angular momentum. We know of only one class of things which
can do this. This class is that of the
vortices we call whirlpools, whirlwinds, tornadoes, water spouts, hurricanes,
and the like. A vortex is composed of a
medium such as air or water which is in motion. Its energy is furnished by the pressure difference between its
medium and the relative vacuum at its center.
If we assume
that the electron is a vortex, then we must assume that it has a medium which
would be what we know as space, and a vacuum at its center. The assumption that space is actually a
substance which can create a vortex was not considered possible in 1925 and is
still considered to be impossible by orthodox physicists - because there was an
experiment performed in 1887 which "proved" that space was not a
medium through which light could travel as a wave. The conclusions derived from this experiment were not re-examined
in 1925 because they had become a part of
scientific dogma. Heretics in science could be chastised in
1925, and can be chastised now as well.
Loss of tenure or of one's scientific reputation was - and is - the
price of heresy. But there was a flaw
in the experiment of 1887. It was a
flaw in scientific thought rather than a flaw in the excecution of the
experiment. THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT: In 1887, it was thought that electromagnetic
radiation (light) traveled through a medium which was what we call
"space". This medium was
called "ether". The ether was
supposed to be at rest while matter, which was separate from ether, moved
through it. The earth rotates at about 1,000 miles
per hour at the equator, moves at about 67,000 miles per hour in its orbit
around the sun, while the sun moves at an even faster rate about the center of
our galaxy. This would mean that the
surface of the earth would be moving at some velocity relative to the supposed
stationary ether. It follows that the
movement of the ether relative to the surface of the earth would be of the same
magnitude as the supposed movement of the surface of the earth relative to the
ether. These velocities are small
compared to the speed of light, which is about 186,000 miles per second. Nevertheless, it was thought that light
moving parallel to the surface of the earth would be moving at one velocity
when ether was moving with it, at another velocity when ether was moving
against it, and at still another velocity when ether was not moving relative to
it. The experiment was made with a table (its
surface parallel to the surface of the earth) upon which was a single-frequency
light source. The light was sent from
the source and split into two beams.
One beam was sent at right angles to the other. Both beams traveled the same distance and
were routed to arrive at the same point.
In theory, the two beams should have traveled with slightly different
average velocities. This would mean
that they would arrive out of phase with one another and this phase difference
could then be detected as interference.
The experiment was performed in an
admirable manner with utmost care so that vibration, warping of the table, and
other possible sources of error could be avoided. In the end, however, there was almost nothing to indicate any
phase interference within the limits of the ability of the apparatus to detect
it. This was interpreted to mean that
there was no ether or any other medium in space through which light traveled. ERRORS IN HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION VS
THE ALTERNATIVE: Had electron spin been
attributed to the tangential movement of a vortex, the ether could not have
been seen as static. Instead, it would
have been considered dynamic - always in motion. Furthermore, if the electron were to be considered a vortex, then
other subatomic particles should also be vortices. Because everything in the universe is composed of subatomic
particles or energy, then the whole universe would be made of ether in some
form of motion. Thus, a large mass such
as a planet, composed of many vortices, would be made entirely of dynamic
ether. So the ether's chief motion would be toward the planet, creating what we
call gravity. The foregoing paragraph does not provide
the foremost reason for the failure of the Michelson-Morley to detect the
ether. There is more to be said before
the reason for this failure can be understood.
So now we need to discover what gravity actually is. That will allow us to see why such a
carefully executed experiment failed. GRAVITY:
Let us consider each subatomic particle to be a vortex made of dynamic
ether. Since it is not really a
particle, we can call it a vorticle.
Since dynamic ether is not really ether as it was defined in 1887 (ether
theory was based upon a static or non-moving medium), then we may call it
nether instead. This is the name in
Greek myth for the underlying substance. The center of a vortex has the equivalent
of a vacuum. You may wonder what
happens to the nether when it reaches the center of a vorticle. Where does the nether go? The explanation is too complex to explain at
this point, but will be covered later. Let us consider gravity to be caused by
the movement of nether (dynamic ether) toward a large group of vorticles
(subatomic particles). Each vorticle
alone, without other vorticles near it, would bring in nether in a fairly
normal manner just as a whirlpool brings in water. If two vorticles are placed beside one another, then the rate at
which the nether enters their immediate volume of space increases. If we were to create an invisible
theoretical sphere with the vorticles at its center, we could say that the
nether moves past the surface of this sphere on its way to the vorticles. The rate at which it moves past the spherical
surface will increase as the number of vorticles at its center increases. If the theoretical sphere is a large one,
its surface will have a large area. If
the theoretical sphere is a small one, its surface will have a small area. The same amount of nether must flow through
the surfaces of both large and small spheres.
The larger the sphere, the less will be the nether velocity moving
through its surface. The smaller the
sphere, the greater will be the nether velocity moving through its
surface. If we look at the nether flow
at some distance from a planet (large sphere), the velocity of the nether
toward it will be very small. As the
nether moves closer to the planet (small sphere), its velocity will increase. So the nether will accelerate as it moves
toward the planet, and this acceleration is what we call gravity. The planet might be likened to a funnel
without sides. The nether flows toward
the planet (the bottom of the funnel).
The space very far from the planet is the top of the funnel. So a planet creates a strange kind of funnel
into which the nether can flow. The
flow of the nether into the funnel is also like water flowing along a
river. When the river is wide and deep,
the water flows slowly. When the river
is narrow and shallow, the water flows very rapidly. However, the nether is not only mobile,
it is compressible. A gravity funnel
like a planet might be considered to be like a kitchen funnel but with a different shape. If we liken the nether to a bag of
marshmallows (which are also compressible), we can more easily see the next
step in this explanation. First, we
grease our kitchen funnel. This way,
there is essentially no friction along the sides of the funnel. This is like a gravity funnel which also has
no friction along its sides because it has no sides. Second, we place the marshmallows into the kitchen funnel and
push them through it. As the
marshmallows move from the top to the bottom of the funnel, they compress in
the two dimensions of the funnel cross-section, and expand in the dimension
running between the top and bottom of the funnel. In a gravity funnel, the nether compresses in the two tangential
dimensions of a theoretical sphere with the planet at the center, and expands
in the sphere's radial dimension. The tangential nether compression is
along the two dimensions tangent to the surface of the sphere, causing a
tendency for the nether density to be inversely proportional to the square of
the radius of the theoretical sphere (r to the minus 2 power). The expansion of the nether is along the
length of the radius of the theoretical sphere and is inversely proportional to
the square root of the radius of the theoretical sphere. This causes a tendency for the density to be
proportional to the square root of the radius of the theoretical sphere (r to
the 1/2 power). Thus, the actual
density is the result of the two tendencies and is proportional to r to the
minus 3/2 power. The velocity of the
nether is inversely proportional to the square root of the radius (r to the
minus 1/2 power). The result of all this math is that
gravity still works with the same old inverse square law, but it works because
there is nether acceleration - and all things are made of nether in one form or
another. Using math, it is possible to compute the
velocity of nether at the surface of our planet. The equation for this is: v = sqrt (2rg) in which v = nether velocity, r = earth's radius, g = the gravity
found at the surface of the earth, and sqrt = square root (because there is no
square root symbol on this keyboard).
However, it should be mentioned that the velocity of the nether is never
actually there in the sense that is true velocity. This is because the nether moving toward a celestial body is
constantly accelerating and never actually moves at a constant speed. The velocity found with the foregoing
equation is the instantaneous velocity of the nether at a particular
point. When this point is on the earth's
surface, the nether velocity is slightly less than seven miles per second. WHY THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT
FAILED: The nether flowing into a
gravity funnel is compressing in two dimenions which are tangent to the surface
of a theoretical sphere with a planet (or sun, moon, whatever) at the
center. When there is relative nether
velocity such as that caused by the earth rotating on its axis, it is reduced
beyond the point at which it can be measured - because of the nether
compression. Think of a car moving along a track that
is circular with a radius of 100 yards.
The car is moving at a velocity of 100 feet per second (about 68 miles
per hour). We are looking at this
motion from above in a helicopter. We
can make measurements to see that the car is moving at 100 feet per
second. Now, suppose that we compress
the scene (just as the nether is compressed when it moves within a gravity
funnel) so that the track has half the radius (50 yards). We now notice that we can measure the car's
velocity as only 50 feet per second (half what it was). We now compress the track a bit more so that
it is only 25 yards in diameter (one quarter of what is was) and we measure the
car's velocity as only 25 feet per second.
We continue to compress the track until it has a radius of only one inch. It now has a radius that is 1/3600 times as
long as it was at the beginning. The
speed of the car has been reduced to 1/3 inch per second (.0189 miles per
hour). However, the speed of the car is
now lower than we can measure with our apparatus, so we mistakenly conclude
that the car is not moving at all. This is what happens with a
Michelson-Morley type of experiment.
The nether compression reduces the relative velocity of the nether in a
horizontal direction until it is lower than we can measure with our apparatus. THE NETHER: The nether has a unique set of qualities. First, it is frictionless. Second, it
has inertia. Third, it is compressible and expandable.
Fourth, as we shall see later, it is lazy (conservative). It prefers
to take a path that uses the least energy. Once set in motion, nether maintains the same motion until
something else alters it - but friction is not
one of those altering things.
Centrifugal force is necessary for a vortex to exist, and centrifugal
force is caused by altering the path of something which has inertia. Stated another way, altering the path of
something with inertia is the only
source of centrifugal force. THE ACCELERATING EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE: At the time of the big bang,
ours was a universe made of nether that exploded outward and is still
exploding. Any explosion is simply a
rapid expansion of a medium under pressure.
The pressure within the medium (air, water, nether, whatever) causes a
more rapid expansion with the passage of time.
It is the inertia of its fluid that prevents immediate and sudden
expansion. Lately, the universe has
been found to be flying apart at an accelerating rate. “Dark energy” has been proposed as an
“explanation” for this phenomenon even though naming something is not the same as explaining it. Actually this “dark energy” is merely the
pressure within the medium we are calling the nether. When the universe began, the nether was
very dense and the pressure within it was very high. Its own inertia slowed (and still slows) its expansion, but its
inertia was (and is) always giving way to its pressure, so the expansion of the
universe accelerated, still accelerates, and will continue to accelerate, with
the passage of time. To make this point
abundantly clear, the universe has had an accelerating expansion since it began
and will continue to have one into infinity or until it meets something with
pressure equal to or greater than its own nether pressure. MORE ABOUT EXPLOSIONS: When a medium under its own pressure rapidly
expands into a surrounding vacuum, the acceleration relative to a fixed point
outside the medium is greatest at a point in its outermost fringe. This is because there is a greater distance
for the fringe to move within a given time interval. If we move the point inward toward the center of the explosion,
there less distance for the medium to move in this time interval and,
therefore, less acceleration. There is
no acceleration of the medium when the point is at the exact center because
here the medium does not move. The pressure and the density of the
medium creating the explosion is essentially the same throughout. For geometric reasons, the acceleration must
be proportional to the distance from the center, and the inertia must be
proportional to the inverse of the distance from the center. At any particular point within the medium,
the energy needed for the increased acceleration balances the energy attempting
to prevent increased acceleration. The
result is a fairly uniform accelerating expansion, meaning uniform in the sense
that it is about the same throughout the medium at any point in time. So when one is viewing the explosion from a
point within the medium, the expansion appears to be the same in all directions. Bearing this in mind, different results
in regard to the accelerating expansion of the universe might be obtained when
measuring light sources in various directions.
However, the differences would be due primarily to the differences in
time for the light to reach us. Because
the universe is a big explosion, its expansion is accelerating and will be
different from one time to the next.
The light will pass incrementally different time zones of expansion on
its way to us. As the universe expands, the nether
pressure decreases. The force that is
created by the nether pressure is proportional to the nether pressure. The density or mass per volume of the nether
is also proportional to the nether pressure.
F = ma where F = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration. Shown in a different form, a = F/m. If both F and m are proportional to nether
pressure, “a” remains constant. So the
rate of acceleration of the expansion of the universe should not vary appreciably
from one time to the next. However, all of the foregoing is based upon
a creation in which the nether universe is not rotating. If the universe were formed while rotating,
the centrifugal force would vary from one part to another and influence the
theorized constants. The math and
reasoning involved for a rotating universe is more complex than I wish to show
here. Nether Flow into the Vorticle Center.
Vorticle Attraction Vorticle Repulsion Magnetic Attraction Repulsion DERIVATION OF
THE GRAVITY/NETHER VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIP r = radius of
theoretical sphere above a celestial body g = gravity at
theoretical sphere above a celestial body v = velocity at
theoretical sphere above a celestial body H = the distance
between the two theoretical spheres Let us hypothesize two
spheres (cross-sections of a gravity funnel), one above the other, and use the
earth's surface as the lower sphere (called "e") with an upper sphere
(called "a"). We want to find
the average gravity, gave, acting upon a body falling, between the
two spheres. The difference between ve
and va is the increase in nether velocity between the two
spheres. Gravity, g, is an increase in
nether velocity which is usually given as the increase per second. [(ve - va)/H] would
be the increase in nether velocity per foot (unit of time). To find the increase in nether velocity per
second, we must multiply [(ve - va)/H} by the average
number of feet in one second. [(ve
+ va)/2] = vave, the number of feet/second. So, [(ve - va)/H](ve
+ va)/2 = gave, between the two spheres. H = [ra - re], which is the difference
between the radii of the two spheres. Therefore: gave = [(ve - va)/(ra
- re)] [(ve+va)/2] or (ve2-va2)/2(ra-re) Average Gravity
Equation 1: gave = [(ve-va)(ve+va)/2]/(ra-re) There is a second
formula for average gravity between the two spheres which is merely a way of
determining how much of the gravity at each sphere must be used for the
average. This formula may be used as a
cross-check for the first formula. B = 1/[ra/re]+1] gave = Bge +
[(1-B)ga Average Gravity
Equation 2: gave = ge{1/[(ra/re)+1]}
+ ga{1-{1/[(ra/re)+1]}} For our proof, we begin
with average gravity equation 1. 1A
below comes from knowing that nether velocity varies in proportion to 1/r1/2.
1. gave = [(ve - va)(ve
+ va)/2]/(ra - re) 1A. va/ve
= re1/2/ra1/2 2. gave = [ (ve2
- va2] / 2] (ra - re) 2A. va2/ve2 = re/ra 3. 2gave (ra - re)
= (ve2 - va2) 3A. va2 = ve2
(re/ra) 4. 2gave (ra - re)
= {ve2 - [ve2 (re/ra)]} 5. 2gave (ra - re)
= ve2 [1 - (re/ra)] 6. 2gave (ra - re)
= ve2 [(ra - re)/ra] 7. 2gave = ve2/ra 8. 2ragave = ve2 As the height between spheres a and e is
reduced, ra approaches re, and gave approaches ge. When the height is zero, ra=re
and gave=ge. And
we have the next equation. 9. 2rege = ve2 10. ve = (2rege)1/2 So for any
hypothetical sphere: 11. v = (2rg)1/2 or
g = v2 / 2r
BACK
ELECTRON SPIN: In 1925, it began to be evident that each electron has a quality
that has been called "spin" and an associated magnetic moment. This was not a discovery as such - it was a
deduction by two men called Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck that came as a result of
their work on atomic spectra. Since
that time, successful theories have been put forward (Dirac and Kusch) which
give rules for it but do not, in my mind, explain why there is electron spin.
